This paper expounds the concept and basic components of aircraft structural health monitoring, combs out the common monitoring objects from the aspects of monitoring structure and monitoring amount, reviews the typical research results of recent structural health monitoring data processing, mainly including data acquisition and preprocessing, data analysis, and can see that the idea and method of Intelligent Computing are increasingly applied in it; prospects In this paper, the trend of aircraft structural health monitoring in the future towards large-scale on-line engineering application is presented. Three key points are pointed out, which are the development of airborne on-line monitoring system hardware, the development of algorithm and the standardization of the industry. Then, the recent research cases of aircraft structural health monitoring sensor technology are combed, and the cases of emerging algorithm applied to on-line monitoring system are introduced It can provide reference and reference for further promoting the research of aircraft structural health monitoring system.