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WANG Chao, LIANG Yonghui, WANG Kemu, WANG Zhiguo
2026,46(4):1-16 ,DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2026.04.01
Abstract:
This paper introduces the role of atomic vapor cells in hot-atom precision measurement systems and discusses the principal physical mechanisms governing atomic spin relaxation, as well as their effects on polarization lifetime, coherence time, system noise, and long-term drift. The processing characteristics, applicable scenarios, and development trends of conventional glass-fabricated vapor cells and MEMS-micromachined vapor cells are compared. The effects of material selection, structural design, wall-surface treatment, buffer-gas metering, and thermal and magnetic environment management on vapor-cell performance are also analyzed. Looking ahead, the development of atomic vapor-cell processing and manufacturing should focus on establishing an engineering-oriented characterization and evaluation framework based on intrinsic parameters, including atomic number density, spin polarization, and relaxation time, together with the performance requirements of representative application systems. Key error sources should be controlled at the stages of vapor-cell design, fabrication, and evaluation. By establishing the underlying physical correlations between manufacturing parameters and device performance, atomic vapor cells can be advanced toward standardized devices with reproducible performance, predictable service lifetimes, and compatibility with large-scale production.
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DONG Dengfeng, GAO Chao, LI Yang, WANG Shan, SHI Junkai, ZHOU Weihu
2026,46(4):17-45 ,DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2026.04.02
Abstract:
To further promote the development and application of domestic laser trackers, this paper systematically introduces the laser tracker technology and the independent research and development progress of laser trackers achieved by the research team at the Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMECAS). The basic principles and structural components of laser trackers are elaborated, and key techniques including laser ranging, miss-distance detection, precision angle measurement, servo tracking, error compensation and calibration are analyzed in depth. The current domestic and international testing specifications and technical standards in the field of laser trackers are presented, performance evaluation methods for laser trackers are discussed, and approaches to improve laser tracker performance are analyzed from both theoretical and application perspectives. The typical applications are introduced, such as in-situ intelligent manufacturing, real-time dynamic robot calibration and large-scale networked measurement. A series of research accomplishments achieved by the team at the IMECAS are highlighted, including the development of six-degree-of-freedom laser trackers, the design of extended functional modules for laser trackers, and the construction of the industrialization system for laser trackers. The development trend of laser tracker technology is prospected. It is pointed out that various novel tracking and measurement methods and equipment derived from laser trackers will play a vital role in high-end equipment metrology and advanced manufacturing.
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ZHANG Luyan, JIA Linhua, ZHANG Fumin, MEN Lingling
2026,46(4):46-53 ,DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2026.04.03
Abstract:
Current multi-channel laser ranging technologies applied in accelerator alignment suffer from high equipment costs and complex system deployment. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a frequency-sweeping laser interferometric ranging technique adopting spherical collimators. A frequency sweeping laser interferometric ranging system integrated with HCN (H13C1?N) gas absorption cells, optical switches and spherical collimators was constructed to realize high-precision absolute distance measurement over a large range. A spherical collimator compatible with the target base of corner reflectors for laser trackers was designed, which reduces equipment costs while ensuring the required measurement accuracy. System performance tests were performed in an experimental environment simulating accelerator alignment. The results show that within the measurement range of 30 m, the ranging error of the proposed system is not more than 30 μm, fully satisfying the requirements of accelerator alignment. This system provides a high-precision and highly adaptable solution for accelerator alignment, and possesses great practical value in engineering applications.
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WANG Wei, LIU Jiamin, CUI Xue, JIANG Hao, LIU Shiyuan
2026,46(4):54-66 ,DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2026.04.04
Abstract:
Existing calibration methods for ultra-micro-spot angle-resolved polarization scatterometers rely on rotating polarizers or liquid crystal retarders to calibrate the overall system parameters, resulting in complex operational procedures, difficulty in simultaneously decoupling multiple calibration parameters, and the introduction of additional error sources. To address these limitations, we propose an in-situ, stepwise calibration strategy for the system parameters of an ultra-micro-spot angle-resolved polarization scatterometer. Inspired by the principle of extinction ellipsometry, key system parameters — including the polarizer azimuth, ellipsometric parameters of the beam splitter in transmission and reflection, waveplate retardation and azimuth, ellipsometric parameters of the polarization beam splitter in transmission and reflection, and the orthogonally polarized transmittance of the objective lens — are sequentially calibrated with high precision. The proposed method was applied to calibrate a self-developed ultra-micro-spot angle-resolved polarization scatterometer, which was subsequently used to measure standard SiO2 thin films and rectangular grating samples. The results demonstrate that, after in-situ calibration, the instrument achieved a film-thickness measurement repeatability of 0.1 nm, and the extracted grating morphology parameters exhibited excellent agreement with standard values, thereby verifying the effectiveness of the proposed calibration method.
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HOU Guoyi, ZHAO Ziyue, LI Runrun, SUN Anbin, LI Shuanggao, HUANG Xiang
2026,46(4):67-92 ,DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2026.04.05
Abstract:
Conventional digital measurement methods suffer from low efficiency in measurement field construction and poor coordination among multiple devices, which cannot satisfy the high-precision and batch measurement and assembly requirements for large complex structures of new-generation aircraft. To address the above limitations, this paper investigates the multi-system collaborative precision measurement technology, establishes an uncertainty analytical model for large-scale measurement fields, and proposes an adaptive planning method. A multi-mode datum conversion standard artifact was developed to improve the construction accuracy of collaborative measurement fields. Meanwhile, a measurement planning technology based on lightweight models and task-device collaboration was put forward to realize the automatic sequence generation and simulation optimization for multi-station and multi-task measurement. On this basis, a multi-system collaborative precision measurement platform for the assembly of large complex structures was developed, which integrates multi-device control, measurement planning, and data management and analysis, achieving closed-loop control of the assembly measurement process covering "model-planning-measurement-analysis". Comparative experiments were conducted to verify the platform performance. The test results demonstrate that the proposed platform remarkably improves the measurement accuracy and efficiency, providing strong technical support for advancing the precise measurement and assembly technology of large complex structures in the aviation industry.
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CHENG Yanbo, LI Tianfu, SUI Jinglin, TANG Xiaohui, XIA Meng, DONG Yongkang
2026,46(4):93-108 ,DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2026.04.06
Abstract:
The basic concept, waveform construction, and time-frequency mapping mechanism of the optical chirp chain (OCC) are introduced, and the fundamental principle by which OCC improves the acquisition efficiency of Brillouin spectra is elucidated. The operating principles of optical chirp chain Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (OCC-BOTDA) and optical chirp chain Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry (OCC-BOTDR) are described. Research advances in OCC-BOTDA are reviewed in terms of single-shot ultrafast measurement, long-range and high-performance sensing, suppression of transient effects and spectral distortions, vector measurement, polarization diversity, and denoising enhancement. Progress in OCC-BOTDR is summarized with respect to single-ended online demodulation and sensing-performance improvement. The measurement range, spatial resolution, measurement time, and other performance parameters of different approaches are comparatively analyzed. Future directions for OCC-based fast distributed Brillouin sensing are discussed. Further advances are required in high-quality OCC generation, coherent detection, and digital signal processing. Moreover, OCC-based fast distributed Brillouin sensing can be integrated with other techniques to enable long-range, coordinated sensing of multiple physical parameters, while improving the engineering applicability and reliability of measurement systems to meet the demands of multiparameter monitoring in complex engineering environments.
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SUN Qian, MENG Xiangyue, LI Jing
2026,46(4):109-115 ,DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2026.04.07
Abstract:
Currently, the heterogeneous node deployment schemes employed in sensor network applications for monitoring tasks suffer from suboptimal operational efficiency. To address this issue, this paper proposes the Optimal Deployment of Heterogeneous Node Positions in a Single-Sink Network (ODHNSS) algorithm. By jointly considering key performance indicators such as network coverage, the ratio of communication distance to communication radius, and the proportion of sleeping nodes, the algorithm establishes principled criteria for selecting optimal heterogeneous node locations, thereby enabling energy-aware optimization of heterogeneous node deployment in wireless sensor networks. Simulation experiments were conducted using MATLAB to comparatively evaluate the performance of ODHNSS against two state-of-the-art algorithms, Three-Tier Extended Energy-Efficient Clustering Hierarchy (TEEECH) and Optimal Deployment of Heterogeneous Nodes (ODHN). Results demonstrate that, relative to both benchmarks, ODHNSS significantly improves data transmission efficiency while simultaneously reducing overall network energy consumption, thus providing robust technical support for advancing wireless sensor monitoring network technologies.
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MIAO Biqi, TANG Zhaoxuan, ZHUO Lianghui, LI Zhenya, HE Wei, YUN Hao, ZHAO Kaifeng, YAN Zhipeng
2026,46(4):116-128 ,DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2026.04.08
Abstract:
Aiming at the measurement errors caused by the resistance of high-temperature long wires and their temperature variations in long-distance strain testing of high-temperature structures for nuclear power applications, this paper proposes a strain correction method integrating strain gauge test data, measured strain gauge resistance and wire resistance values. The formation mechanism of strain measurement errors under long-wire transmission conditions is analyzed. By introducing resistance parameters of strain gauges and connecting wires, a unified correction model for measured strain is established to calibrate strain readings acquired at high temperatures. Based on the model, the thermal output curves and gauge factors are determined. High-temperature strain tests at 350 °C were performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, which is further compared with the traditional three-wire method and half-bridge compensation method. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can simultaneously account for the coupled effects of wire resistance and its temperature drift, substantially reduce measurement errors, and improve the accuracy and stability of test results. This work provides critical technical support for enhancing the precision of high-temperature long-wire strain measurement in the nuclear power industry.
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LIANG Liang, WU Zhenghao, LI Shuhan
2026,46(4):129-137 ,DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2026.04.09
Abstract:
To evaluate the aerodynamic performance and flow field quality of a full-scale test bench for a domestic high-bypass-ratio aero-engine, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation combined with measurement analysis was conducted. A three-dimensional model of the test bench, comprising an intake tower, silencing devices, a flow straightener, the aero-engine, an ejector duct, and an exhaust tower, was constructed using 3D modelling software. A refined mesh was generated, and the standard k-ε turbulence model with wall functions was employed to handle turbulence and near-wall flow. The flow governing equations were solved using the Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations (SIMPLE), and the distributions of velocity, pressure, and temperature fields, as well as natural convection characteristics, were analyzed. The results show that the ejection coefficient of the test bench reached 1.97, and the velocity non-uniformity at the cross-section 6 m upstream of the engine was 29.05%, which meets the relevant industry standard requirements. The flow straightener reduced the velocity non-uniformity by approximately 51.5%, significantly improving flow uniformity. The total pressure non-uniformity at the engine inlet was only 0.3%, indicating a low level of flow distortion. Under natural convection conditions, the wind speed inside the test bench remained below 2 m / s, and the impact of stack effect was limited. Overall, the test bench exhibits a reasonable aerodynamic design and excellent flow field quality, thus satisfying the ground test requirements for the domestic high-bypass-ratio aero-engine.
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ZHANG Longci, CAO Xizheng, LEI Duncai, GONG Xuan, HE Yu
2026,46(4):138-147 ,DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2026.04.10
Abstract:
To address the challenging measurement of oil-gas two-phase parameters in the return oil pipeline of an aeroengine lubrication system, a testing system for oil-gas two-phase flow of aeroengines based on electrical capacitance tomography has been developed. The cross-sectional phase fraction measurement is achieved using electrical capacitance tomography technology, and the flow pattern is regularized through a rectifier to enhance measurement accuracy, at the same time, the Venturi technology is utilized to achieve total flow measurement, ultimately leading to the measurement of gas-liquid two-phase flow. A calibration device for oil-gas two-phase measurement has been set up based on the field test bench for comparative testing of the measurement system. The results indicate that the maximum measurement error for liquid phase flow rate is 7.26 %FS, and the maximum measurement error for gas phase flow rate is 6.56 %FS under six experimental conditions. The research presented in this paper plays a crucial supporting role in the design of lubrication systems in the aeroengine field.
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WANG Menghui, ZOU Qiao, ZHOU Zhixin, DONG Jigang, WANG Yahai, ZHAO Rui
2026,46(4):148-155 ,DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2026.04.11
Abstract:
To achieve accurate dielectric constant measurement of liquid and powder materials in the millimeter-wave band, this paper proposes a measurement method based on corrugated transmission lines. A dedicated test system was built using a customized polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) container and matched with vector network analysis technology for experimental testing. The Gated-Reflect-Line (GRL) calibration technique was adopted to mitigate measurement errors arising from multiple signal reflections and scattering between the container structure and the test samples. Following calibration, liquid or powder samples were loaded into the container, and the reflection S-parameters captured by a vector network analyzer were utilized to calculate the sample dielectric constant. Solid PTFE was tested as a standard sample to verify the feasibility and reliability of the established test system. Further experiments were conducted on quartz powder and dimethyl synthetic silicone oil within the frequency range of 75～110 GHz. The test results show that the maximum deviation of measured data from the average value is merely 5%, which verifies the superior accuracy of the proposed method. This study offers a crucial technical reference for millimeter-wave dielectric constant measurement of liquid and powder materials, supporting technical development in food processing, biomedicine and other related fields.
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JIANG Tao, QIAO Lu, XIAO Qiong
2026,46(4):156-166 ,DOI: 10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2026.04.12
Abstract:
To promote the layout of standard essential patents in China's aviation industry and enhance the integration of patents and standards in the high-end equipment manufacturing sector, this paper takes enterprises in the aviation industry chain as the research perspective to conduct patent retrieval and statistical analysis based on patent databases and industry standards repositories. The results show that patents within the aviation industry chain are insufficiently integrated with international standards, and their industrial adaptability remains weak，with room for improvement in quantity, track selection, mechanisms, operation and maintenance, and synergy. Based on the above analysis results and the domestic policy environment, application strategies and layout paths for standard essential patents are proposed. It is pointed out that efforts should focus on niche tracks with strong interoperability and that a multi-party collaborative whole-chain working mechanism should be established. This research can provide a reference for promoting the deep integration of patents and standards in the aviation industry and for high-end equipment manufacturing industry groups to carry out relevant domestic business.
Volume 46,2026 Issue 4
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Abstract:
To address the challenges long prevalent in aircraft development strength testing—such as sequential execution, information silos, inefficient collaboration, and delayed validation—this paper proposes a digital parallel collaboration architecture oriented toward the entire lifecycle structural strength test of aircraft, reengineering the organizational models, process systems, and technical methodologies of strength testing. Centered on the core principles of "digital model-driven testing, end-to-end process integration, parallelized operations, interconnected design, and closed-loop optimization,". It introduces a "Three-Dimensional Coordinate System Architecture" (Aircraft Development Lifecycle x All Test Elements x Digital Approaches), enabling three-dimensional integration of development phases, test activities, and digital capabilities. By defining eight development stages, five core test activities, and six digital methodologies, a "1+5" procedural document system is established, complemented by maturity management, product data management, and a collaborative platform. An engineering case study validates the practicability of the parallel-collaborative architecture. The architecture developed in this study can be extended to other types of strength tests, providing a replicable engineering model for the digital parallel collaboration of aerospace structural testing across the full life cycle.
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Abstract:
A polarization-ratio control device based on the selective Bragg reflection of cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) was designed for single-beam spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometers, in which the same optical beam is used for both atomic pumping and magneto-optical detection, while conventional polarization-control optics hinder system miniaturization. An ellipticity angle of 22.5° was selected as the target operating point, corresponding to a required power ratio of 5.83:1 between the left- and right-handed circularly polarized components. This polarization requirement was converted into structural parameters of the CLC device, and a two-dimensional frequency-domain model was established in COMSOL Multiphysics for numerical simulation. The results show that, at an operating wavelength of 795 nm, the designed CLC pitch is approximately 497 nm. When the effective thickness is approximately 4.34 pitches, the reflectance of the target-handed circularly polarized component reaches approximately 82.84%, whereas the orthogonally handed component maintains a low reflectance, enabling effective control of the transmitted circular-polarization power ratio. A CLC sample was subsequently fabricated and characterized experimentally. The transmitted beam retained an approximately Gaussian spatial intensity distribution. Under small variations in the angle of incidence, the relative variations in both transmitted power and ellipticity remained within approximately 0.5%. During a 30-min continuous measurement, the transmitted power remained stable at approximately 3.68 mW, with an overall fluctuation of less than 1.72%. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CLC device can achieve elliptical-polarization ratio control through finite selective reflection, providing a potential approach for the miniaturization and integration of polarization-control optics in single-beam atomic magnetometers. Key words: atomic magnetometer; cholesteric liquid crystal; selective Bragg reflection; elliptical polarization; polarization ratio; polarization control;COMSOL Multiphysics software; optical-path integration
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Abstract:
This paper reviews the physical principles and information-theoretic description of ghost imaging, an imaging technique based on the high-order statistical correlation of optical fields. First, the physical principles of ghost imaging are introduced: the fundamental concepts of optical field correlation functions and first- and second-order coherence are expounded, and the high-order statistical correlation characteristics of typical light sources, including coherent states, thermal (pseudo-thermal) light, and entangled photon pairs, are analyzed. The imaging mechanism in which the degree of second-order coherence of the optical field exhibits a single-peaked distribution under both entangled photon-pair and (pseudo-)thermal light illumination, thereby establishing a point-to-point mapping between the object plane and the image plane, is discussed, together with the unified interpretation offered by the Klyshko equivalent optical path. Subsequently, from the information-theoretic perspective, the ghost imaging process is modeled as the transmission of information in a “source–channel–sink” model: the applicable conditions and internal relations of classical information metrics, including mutual information, channel capacity, Fisher information, and the Cramér–Rao bound, in imaging performance evaluation are analyzed; the encoding optimization and decoding optimization approaches guided by information metrics are classified, compared, and reviewed; and the applicable conditions and feasible paths for introducing quantum information-theoretic tools such as quantum mutual information and quantum Fisher information are explored. It is pointed out that the statistical structure of the second-order correlation function of the optical field determines the information acquisition capability of the imaging system, and that information metrics are evolving from “post-hoc evaluation” toward “a priori design”. It is concluded that mutual information, channel capacity, and Fisher information characterize imaging performance in terms of information acquisition efficiency, channel transmission potential, and parameter estimation precision, respectively, and are mutually complementary. It is proposed that future research be deepened in directions such as the collaborative design of encoding and decoding optimization, the quantitative comparison between the performance of decoding algorithms and information-theoretic limits, quantum channel modeling for ghost imaging with non-classical light sources, and applications oriented toward weak signals and special bands, so as to further reveal the mechanisms of information transfer in the ghost imaging process, enhance the information transmission efficiency and image reconstruction accuracy of imaging systems, and promote the application and development of related technologies in biomedical imaging, radar detection, and other fields.
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Abstract:
The dynamics of the interconnected electron–nuclear spin system affect the response bandwidth of atomic-spin inertial measurement and its ability to reject external magnetic-field interference and are important for performance evaluation and operating-parameter selection. An axial steady-state operating point is obtained from the full six-dimensional nonlinear Bloch model under spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) conditions. A local transverse model in complex variables is derived and checked against the numerical Jacobian and small-perturbation time-domain responses. With the operating point, diagonal dynamics, and input vectors fixed, off-diagonal coupling terms are set to zero or continuously scaled to compare changes in the transverse poles and the inertial and magnetic-field responses. At a rotation-step amplitude of 0.0125 rad/s, the normalized root-mean-square error between the outputs of the two models is 0.00686%. In the reference case with bidirectional coupling, the transverse slow-pole decay rate increases from 0.25 s?1 to 37.91 s?1. The contribution of slow nuclear-spin dynamics to the electron-spin output extends the settling time from 0.0191 s to 0.1541 s. When both off-diagonal coupling coefficients are increased by 30%, the inertial response bandwidth increases from 4.18 Hz to 8.34 Hz. Modal decomposition shows that the fast- and slow-mode contributions to the magnetic-field dc gain nearly cancel in the reference case, while their different time evolutions can still produce a transient peak. The magnitude and complex phase of the coupling product jointly affect the transverse poles, whereas the measurement response also depends on modal input excitation and output projection. These results apply to small perturbations near the specified operating point and the local coupling-term variations examined. The findings provide a theoretical reference for system parameter design that considers both inertial response bandwidth and magnetic-field rejection.
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Wang Zhiguo, Li Xinkun, Xiong Zhiqiang, Li Jiajia, Xiao Xilin, Zhao Hongchang, Luo Hui
Abstract:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Gyroscopes (NMRGs) exhibit significant potential for miniaturization and high-precision, positioning them as a critical technology path for next-generation micro-gyroscopes. To support the development of micro?NMRGs, this study fabricated a fully glass?based Rb–Xe vapor cell with an internal dimension of 1 mm×1 mm×1 mm via optical bonding, and systematically measured key parameters of the nuclear spin ensemble. Results at 130 ℃ showed longitudinal relaxation time (T1), transverse relaxation time (T2), and polarization fields were 7.382 s, 3.316 s, and 11.382 nT for 129Xe, respectively, and those for 131Xe were 15.381 s, 9.029 s, and 20.344 nT, respectively. These parameters as a function of temperature in the range of 115 ℃-140 ℃ were also obtained. Based on the measured parameters, the angular random walk (ARW) for the NMRG employing this cell is estimated to be 0.17?°/√h. A key challenge remains further increasing the relaxation times. This research on miniature vapor cell provides a foundational basis for advancing micro-NMRGs development.
“检测数智化技术”系列论文
“量子测量与计量”专题 客座主编：全伟 王宇
“量子精密测量、量子计量、量子传感技术”专栏
“量子测量与计量”专题 客座主编：全伟 王宇
“量子精密测量、量子计量、量子传感技术”专栏
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Research on Surface Defect Inspection Technology for Rubber O-Ring Seals Based on Machine Vision and Laser Scanning
YANG Ying, ZHEN Xiaojuan, ZHOU keping, WEI fen, LUO Cheng, LUO Ting, LIU Weijun
Abstract:
Rubber O-ring seals are widely used in high-demand industrial sectors such as aerospace and petroleum energy, where surface defects directly affect sealing reliability. To address the low efficiency of manual inspection, the missed detection of micro-defects, and the difficulty of quantifying defect depth, a surface-defect inspection method integrating machine vision and laser line scanning is proposed. For flash defects, sector-shaped ROI segmentation, piecewise edge fitting, and abnormal-contour discrimination are employed. For pits, short shots, and adhesion defects, multi-light-source temporal differencing, Gaussian-high-pass composite filtering, and Sauvola adaptive thresholding are combined. For pit-depth evaluation, maximum-similarity template matching and least-squares curve reconstruction are used. Experiments were conducted on 75 samples containing flash defects and 106 samples containing pits, short shots, or adhesion defects. The detection rate for prominent flash defects was 100.00%, and the overall detection rate for pits, short shots, and adhesion defects was 97.24%. The relative errors of area measurement for all four defect types were below 10%. For ten repeated measurements of the same pit, the mean absolute deviation was 13.94 μm and the standard deviation was 1.21 μm. Double-sided inspection of five samples required approximately 2 min. The proposed method integrates micro-defect recognition, area measurement, and depth evaluation, providing a quantitative basis for O-ring quality grading
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