To ensure the sustained operational capability of low-altitude anti-UAV systems in complex battlefield environments, calibration measurement technology has become an indispensable foundational common technology in the full-chain closed-loop “detection-identification-tracking-countermeasure” management. Using the five core physical parameters—length, thermal, mechanics, electricity, and inertia—as a framework, this paper systematically reviews the current application of calibration measurement and testing technologies in low-altitude anti-UAV systems: At the detection and identification layer, “clear visibility” is ensured through geometric measurement traceability, cross-source coordinate registration, and thermal deformation compensation; at the command and control layer, “stable tracking” is achieved by utilizing inertial reference traceability and lever arm parameter calibration; at the countermeasure and disposal layer, “accurate striking” is ensured through energy parameter testing and electromagnetic compatibility testing. On this basis, an in-depth analysis is provided on the three major technical bottlenecks currently faced when further applying calibration measurement technology to low-altitude anti-UAV systems: the disconnect between the traditional static calibration mode and the high-dynamic operational requirements of low-altitude anti-UAV systems, the insufficient adaptability of existing calibration instruments to electromagnetic compatibility, and the difficulty in unifying the spatiotemporal reference of multi-source heterogeneous sensors. To address these issues, countermeasures are proposed from the perspectives of dynamic calibration, the construction of special measurement capabilities, and full life cycle spatiotemporal reference maintenance. Furthermore, starting from the practical constraints of cost control and operation and maintenance efficiency, three differentiated calibration measurement support solutions are proposed for fixed key locations, mobile platforms, and small single-points. This paper provides a reference for the construction of calibration measurement and testing systems and the engineering implementation of low-altitude anti-UAV systems.