This review presents the research background and current state of novel nanoprobe technologies for nanoscale measurements. It discusses the limitations of conventional characterization methods in terms of spatial resolution, environmental adaptability, and multidimensional information acquisition, and analyzes the critical role of nanoprobes as functional units in overcoming these bottlenecks. Focusing on two core objectives, namely improving spatial resolution and enhancing signal sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio, this paper systematically summarizes representative advances in plasmonic nanofocusing probes, ultrasharp probes, dynamic feedback control techniques, as well as surface plasmon resonance enhancement, probe structural optimization and noise suppression, and signal amplification and conversion strategies. The design principles, technical characteristics, and application scenarios of various probe types are examined in detail. Moreover, this review points out that current nanoprobe technologies still face significant challenges in reproducibility, environmental stability, and multimodal signal interference. It is proposed that future efforts should be directed toward establishing standardized performance evaluation systems, developing multimodal signal decoupling algorithms, and advancing intelligent adaptive probe technologies. In parallel, refining the precision of probe fabrication processes and enhancing the efficiency of functional integration will further improve the comprehensive performance and application potential of nanoprobes in single?molecule detection, in?situ characterization, and measurements in complex environments.