As the aviation manufacturing industry undergoes a digital and intelligent transformation, traditional inspection methods that rely on manual labor and paper records can no longer meet the stringent requirements for high efficiency, high quality, and high reliability in modern aircraft development. To solve this problem, this paper systematically studies the connotation, architecture, and element interrelationships of the digital system for aircraft development and testing. Based on an analysis of necessity and the presentation of an overall approach, a system architecture comprising three layers (foundation, support, and activity) and eight elements (organization, technology, process, etc.) is constructed, with a focus on the construction and interrelationships of core elements. Furthermore, an engineering verification scheme and implementation strategy are proposed. The research indicates that establishing a full-process, full-element, full-digital aircraft inspection system can provide an activity paradigm for integrating inspection into the mainstream digital aircraft development process, address the mismatch in inspection capabilities that constrain agile and efficient production development, and offer important insights for advancing the digital transformation of specialized inspection institutions.