Aiming at the problem of real-time deformation monitoring during the assembly process of aircraft elevators in the aerospace field, a method of component deformation reconstruction based on strain monitoring was studied. The relationship between component surface strain and displacement deformation is theoretically analyzed, and the deformation reconstruction equation is established. The minimum strain error optimization function is used to obtain more accurate end strain, which improves the reconstruction accuracy of the reconstruction equation. The experiment uses the plate-shaped part that simulates the elevator wall plate as the tested component, and through finite element analysis, the feasibility of deformation reconstruction technology is verified. The research results show that under different operating conditions, the overall reconstruction error of the component is less than 5.6%, and the reconstruction error of more than 90% of the reconstruction points is less than 4%. The deformation reconstruction method based on strain monitoring has a good application prospect in real-time deformation monitoring of aviation components.