Two requirements of calibration are discussed in detail. To the calibration of both instrument and equipment in some asperity environment, the theory and technology development direction by using big data is put forward. Through linear or non-linear system model, many individual environment vectors are combined into one complex environment, and the calibration in multi-factor environment will be solved. To the calibration of the digital instrument, the theory and technology direction of data domain calibration is put forward, by using all of the statistic theory, the information theory and the system theory, in frequency domain, value domain, logic domain and transformation domain, and the model parameters will be the calibration results of the data domain instrumentation.