At present, the calibration method of laser centering instrument is mainly based on the cushion gauge block method, but this method has the disadvantages of complex operation, low efficiency and low reliability. In this paper, a fast calibration method of laser centering instrument is proposed, which integrates beam alignment and two-dimensional positioning error calibration, and develops the corresponding calibration device. The device uses the laser head holder to install the measured unit of the centering instrument, uses the grating type two-dimensional mobile platform to change the position of the measured unit, installs and adjusts the reference unit of the centering instrument through the three-dimensional zero return offset turntable, and uses the self-developed grating digital display meter to observe and display the X-axis and Y-axis position and status information in real-time. The measurement range of the device is 40 mm auge block methe expanded uncertainty of measurement is 3.2 μm. Iit has the advantages of high accuracy, convenient operation and good reliability. It has practical application value and technical reference significance. To solve the calibration problem of the laser alignment device, a rapid calibration method for the laser alignment device is proposed, which combines beam alignment and two-dimensional positioning error calibration. A laser alignment device has also been developed, which has a measurement range of 40mm x 40mm and an extended measurement uncertainty of 3.2μm.