Structured-light illumination three-dimensional (3D) measurement technology is characterized by non-contact operation, high precision and high flexibility. It accurately provides detailed information such as object contour dimensions, surface shape, and even deformation data, making it the most widely adopted method for 3D information digitization. This technique has found significant applications across multiple fields, offering robust support for solving practical problems and advancing scientific research. This paper outlines the technical principles of commonly used methods in this domain and presents case studies conducted by the research team, including high-precision 3D shape measurements of large-scale fossil fault planes, high-dynamic-range workpieces, rapidly evolving dynamic processes, and large-aperture smooth optical components. Furthermore, it summarizes existing challenges and future trends in structured illumination-based 3D shape measurement, providing valuable references for 3D shape measurement in complex scenarios.