In order to solve the problem of sensor layout optimization in the process of structural digital twin system construction, structural health monitoring system construction and some structural key information acquisition, a resistance strain sensor layout optimization method based on artificial fish swarm algorithm（AFSA）was studied. The advantages and disadvantages of genetic algorithm（GA）, particle swarm optimization（PSO） and AFSA, which are widely used in intelligent bionic optimization algorithm, were analyzed, and the AFSA was preliminarily determined as the core algorithm of resistance strain sensor layout optimization method; Based on the finite element analysis of the wing truss structure with holes, the stress concentration part was determined as the key part; According to the basic principle of AFSA, the regional coordinate system of resistance strain sensor layout was constructed to transform the problem of sensor layout into the swimming rules of artificial fish swarm and to optimize the layout position of resistance strain sensors; Finally, the optimization results of GA, PSO and AFSA were evaluated by using sensor coverage and optimization time as indicators to further verify the effectiveness of this method. The layout optimization method of resistance strain sensors based on AFSA realizes the rapid optimization of the layout position of resistance strain sensors, and can modify the swimming rules of fish swarm and the number of sensors at any time according to the specific working conditions. It has strong practicality, and can provide solutions and technical references for the sensor layout problems in the construction of digital twins, structural health monitoring and other systems.