In this paper, a new combination measurement system is established by fixing the μ-base laser ranger on the theodolite. For, The relative position between the ranger and the theodolite in this combined measurement system was precisely calibrated, and the distance measured by the laser ranger was converted into the distance from the center of the theodolite to the target. Combined with the angle value measured by the theodolite, a three-dimensional measuring system which could be able to meet the requirements of the large-scale and ultra-high precision measurement was formed. By analyzing the accuracy of the combination system, a high precision calibration method was proposed, which makes the distance accuracy from the center of theodolite to the target point reach 16.9μm. The accuracy of the measurement system was analyzed, and the results showed that the measurement accuracy of the combination system was better than that of the laser tracker. Therefore, the combination of theodolite and laser ranger mentioned above provided a solution to the challenge of large scale and ultra-high precision measurement in the industrial field.